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Background
Adequate alveolar ridges are fundamental to successful rehabilitation with implants and for any patient with alveolar atrophy some augmentation technique will be necessary. Although the surgical techniques of sinus lift are well described, research into which material is the best suited to sinus augmentation has not reached conclusion. All aspects of a substitute material must be studied. Some studies have demonstrated that degradation processes are influenced by physical and chemical properties of the material. Changes in properties of bone substitute materials, i.e. porosity, shape and size, are described as influencing the pattern of resorption. The pattern of resorption is one of the factors that will affect the handling and use of a biomaterial for bone regeneration and their potential clinical applications. However, a high rate of resorption or solubilization can interfere with bone formation as the biomaterial may degrade faster than the rate of bone formation.
Aim/Hypothesis
The present study compares two hidroxyapatites (HAs) and how the physico-chemical properties like variations in the grain size, porosity and crystallinity influence the material performance in vivo. The biological behavior of both (HAs) was evaluated utilizing an EDX (Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) study of the mineral degradation process, in retrieved bone biopsies following maxillary sinus augmentation, in 10 clinical cases.
Material and Methods
The HAs were characterized thorough powder X-ray diffraction XDR analyses, gas pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy SEM. Quantitative analyses were made by an Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) system. Ten patients were selected who required bilateral sinus augmentation. Following elevation of the lateral sinus walls, one material HA(A) was placed in the right sinus and the other HA(B) in the left sinus, as determined by randomized choice. Six months after sinus lifting, a trephine bone core was harvested from the previously elevated maxillary sinus. The specimens were processed for observation under a scanning electron microscope and sent for EDX analysis. Analysis was carried out at a selection of different points, taking different points of interest from the middle and from the periphery of the samples to detect changes to Ca/P ratios. Elememtal mapping was performed in order to determine the chemical degradation process.
Results
Both HAs are porous and exhibit intraparticle pores (35-60%) around 0,03 µm. The particles size range varied (250-1000µm). Strong differences were observed in term of crystallinity the HA(B) granules exhibit low crystallinity, crystal size is 732 nm, while HA (A) structure consisted of a highly crystallinity and the crystal size is 325nm. The tendency for the density was to increase with the increasing annealing temperature, in this way it was possible to observe that the HA that shows highest crystallinity and crystal size corresponding to the HA (A) group. According to the EDX analysis the Ca/P ratio was found significantly decreased in the residual material with respect to the initial composition in the HA(B) group, showed numerous regions of resoptions, and presented an average rate Ca/P of 0.76±1.3 (Weight%) with respect to the average rate Ca/P 1.98±0.3 (Weight%) of HA (A) group.
Conclusions and clinical implications
The data from this study show that changing the size, porosity and crystallinity of the HA based bone substitute materials can influence the resoption of the biomaterials. The HA with high porosity, low crystallinity and low granule size present low stability and high resoption rate. This study demonstrates that variations in the physic properties of a bone substitute material clearly influence in the tissue reaction.
Background
Adequate alveolar ridges are fundamental to successful rehabilitation with implants and for any patient with alveolar atrophy some augmentation technique will be necessary. Although the surgical techniques of sinus lift are well described, research into which material is the best suited to sinus augmentation has not reached conclusion. All aspects of a substitute material must be studied. Some studies have demonstrated that degradation processes are influenced by physical and chemical properties of the material. Changes in properties of bone substitute materials, i.e. porosity, shape and size, are described as influencing the pattern of resorption. The pattern of resorption is one of the factors that will affect the handling and use of a biomaterial for bone regeneration and their potential clinical applications. However, a high rate of resorption or solubilization can interfere with bone formation as the biomaterial may degrade faster than the rate of bone formation.
Aim/Hypothesis
The present study compares two hidroxyapatites (HAs) and how the physico-chemical properties like variations in the grain size, porosity and crystallinity influence the material performance in vivo. The biological behavior of both (HAs) was evaluated utilizing an EDX (Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) study of the mineral degradation process, in retrieved bone biopsies following maxillary sinus augmentation, in 10 clinical cases.
Material and Methods
The HAs were characterized thorough powder X-ray diffraction XDR analyses, gas pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy SEM. Quantitative analyses were made by an Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) system. Ten patients were selected who required bilateral sinus augmentation. Following elevation of the lateral sinus walls, one material HA(A) was placed in the right sinus and the other HA(B) in the left sinus, as determined by randomized choice. Six months after sinus lifting, a trephine bone core was harvested from the previously elevated maxillary sinus. The specimens were processed for observation under a scanning electron microscope and sent for EDX analysis. Analysis was carried out at a selection of different points, taking different points of interest from the middle and from the periphery of the samples to detect changes to Ca/P ratios. Elememtal mapping was performed in order to determine the chemical degradation process.
Results
Both HAs are porous and exhibit intraparticle pores (35-60%) around 0,03 µm. The particles size range varied (250-1000µm). Strong differences were observed in term of crystallinity the HA(B) granules exhibit low crystallinity, crystal size is 732 nm, while HA (A) structure consisted of a highly crystallinity and the crystal size is 325nm. The tendency for the density was to increase with the increasing annealing temperature, in this way it was possible to observe that the HA that shows highest crystallinity and crystal size corresponding to the HA (A) group. According to the EDX analysis the Ca/P ratio was found significantly decreased in the residual material with respect to the initial composition in the HA(B) group, showed numerous regions of resoptions, and presented an average rate Ca/P of 0.76±1.3 (Weight%) with respect to the average rate Ca/P 1.98±0.3 (Weight%) of HA (A) group.
Conclusions and clinical implications
The data from this study show that changing the size, porosity and crystallinity of the HA based bone substitute materials can influence the resoption of the biomaterials. The HA with high porosity, low crystallinity and low granule size present low stability and high resoption rate. This study demonstrates that variations in the physic properties of a bone substitute material clearly influence in the tissue reaction.
Background
Adequate alveolar ridges are fundamental to successful rehabilitation with implants and for any patient with alveolar atrophy some augmentation technique will be necessary. Although the surgical techniques of sinus lift are well described, research into which material is the best suited to sinus augmentation has not reached conclusion. All aspects of a substitute material must be studied. Some studies have demonstrated that degradation processes are influenced by physical and chemical properties of the material. Changes in properties of bone substitute materials, i.e. porosity, shape and size, are described as influencing the pattern of resorption. The pattern of resorption is one of the factors that will affect the handling and use of a biomaterial for bone regeneration and their potential clinical applications. However, a high rate of resorption or solubilization can interfere with bone formation as the biomaterial may degrade faster than the rate of bone formation.
Aim/Hypothesis
The present study compares two hidroxyapatites (HAs) and how the physico-chemical properties like variations in the grain size, porosity and crystallinity influence the material performance in vivo. The biological behavior of both (HAs) was evaluated utilizing an EDX (Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) study of the mineral degradation process, in retrieved bone biopsies following maxillary sinus augmentation, in 10 clinical cases.
Material and Methods
The HAs were characterized thorough powder X-ray diffraction XDR analyses, gas pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy SEM. Quantitative analyses were made by an Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) system. Ten patients were selected who required bilateral sinus augmentation. Following elevation of the lateral sinus walls, one material HA(A) was placed in the right sinus and the other HA(B) in the left sinus, as determined by randomized choice. Six months after sinus lifting, a trephine bone core was harvested from the previously elevated maxillary sinus. The specimens were processed for observation under a scanning electron microscope and sent for EDX analysis. Analysis was carried out at a selection of different points, taking different points of interest from the middle and from the periphery of the samples to detect changes to Ca/P ratios. Elememtal mapping was performed in order to determine the chemical degradation process.
Results
Both HAs are porous and exhibit intraparticle pores (35-60%) around 0,03 µm. The particles size range varied (250-1000µm). Strong differences were observed in term of crystallinity the HA(B) granules exhibit low crystallinity, crystal size is 732 nm, while HA (A) structure consisted of a highly crystallinity and the crystal size is 325nm. The tendency for the density was to increase with the increasing annealing temperature, in this way it was possible to observe that the HA that shows highest crystallinity and crystal size corresponding to the HA (A) group. According to the EDX analysis the Ca/P ratio was found significantly decreased in the residual material with respect to the initial composition in the HA(B) group, showed numerous regions of resoptions, and presented an average rate Ca/P of 0.76±1.3 (Weight%) with respect to the average rate Ca/P 1.98±0.3 (Weight%) of HA (A) group.
Conclusions and clinical implications
The data from this study show that changing the size, porosity and crystallinity of the HA based bone substitute materials can influence the resoption of the biomaterials. The HA with high porosity, low crystallinity and low granule size present low stability and high resoption rate. This study demonstrates that variations in the physic properties of a bone substitute material clearly influence in the tissue reaction.
Background
Adequate alveolar ridges are fundamental to successful rehabilitation with implants and for any patient with alveolar atrophy some augmentation technique will be necessary. Although the surgical techniques of sinus lift are well described, research into which material is the best suited to sinus augmentation has not reached conclusion. All aspects of a substitute material must be studied. Some studies have demonstrated that degradation processes are influenced by physical and chemical properties of the material. Changes in properties of bone substitute materials, i.e. porosity, shape and size, are described as influencing the pattern of resorption. The pattern of resorption is one of the factors that will affect the handling and use of a biomaterial for bone regeneration and their potential clinical applications. However, a high rate of resorption or solubilization can interfere with bone formation as the biomaterial may degrade faster than the rate of bone formation.
Aim/Hypothesis
The present study compares two hidroxyapatites (HAs) and how the physico-chemical properties like variations in the grain size, porosity and crystallinity influence the material performance in vivo. The biological behavior of both (HAs) was evaluated utilizing an EDX (Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) study of the mineral degradation process, in retrieved bone biopsies following maxillary sinus augmentation, in 10 clinical cases.
Material and Methods
The HAs were characterized thorough powder X-ray diffraction XDR analyses, gas pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy SEM. Quantitative analyses were made by an Electronic Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) system. Ten patients were selected who required bilateral sinus augmentation. Following elevation of the lateral sinus walls, one material HA(A) was placed in the right sinus and the other HA(B) in the left sinus, as determined by randomized choice. Six months after sinus lifting, a trephine bone core was harvested from the previously elevated maxillary sinus. The specimens were processed for observation under a scanning electron microscope and sent for EDX analysis. Analysis was carried out at a selection of different points, taking different points of interest from the middle and from the periphery of the samples to detect changes to Ca/P ratios. Elememtal mapping was performed in order to determine the chemical degradation process.
Results
Both HAs are porous and exhibit intraparticle pores (35-60%) around 0,03 µm. The particles size range varied (250-1000µm). Strong differences were observed in term of crystallinity the HA(B) granules exhibit low crystallinity, crystal size is 732 nm, while HA (A) structure consisted of a highly crystallinity and the crystal size is 325nm. The tendency for the density was to increase with the increasing annealing temperature, in this way it was possible to observe that the HA that shows highest crystallinity and crystal size corresponding to the HA (A) group. According to the EDX analysis the Ca/P ratio was found significantly decreased in the residual material with respect to the initial composition in the HA(B) group, showed numerous regions of resoptions, and presented an average rate Ca/P of 0.76±1.3 (Weight%) with respect to the average rate Ca/P 1.98±0.3 (Weight%) of HA (A) group.
Conclusions and clinical implications
The data from this study show that changing the size, porosity and crystallinity of the HA based bone substitute materials can influence the resoption of the biomaterials. The HA with high porosity, low crystallinity and low granule size present low stability and high resoption rate. This study demonstrates that variations in the physic properties of a bone substitute material clearly influence in the tissue reaction.